A History Of Arab Peoples Pdf Editor
DAVE LINDOFF—Ridenour provides a well documented history of the rise of Russian President Vladimir Putin. He explains in detail how the US first helped install the corrupt and alcoholic Boris Yeltsin — a man who allowed US business interests to rob his country blind — in a second term as president and how Putin, at the time a little-known Yeltsin subordinate, at first supported by the US, followed. That support ended when Putin surprised his critics and turned the country around, halted the privatization free-for-all ending Russia’s headlong plunge into economic and social decline. At that point, Ridenour explains, the US turned on him.
History Of The Arab People
JAY JANSON—While some of the victims were left leaning or sympathetic to North Korea, the majority consisted of innocent civilians. And South Korean authorities suppressed this incident, arguing that disclosure of information would threaten the ROK’s constitutional order and national security. As a result, it remains unknown even to many who lived through the war. Considering the severity and number of massacres, these incidents may be called “the other war.” In order to prevent similar tragedies from reoccurring in the future and ensure peace on the Korean Peninsula, the truth must be investigated and publicized. Disclaimer: The contents of articles published on The Greanville Post are of sole responsibility of the author(s). The Greanville Post, a publication of, a not-for-profit 501 (c) (3) corporation, will not be responsible for any inaccurate or incorrect statement in this article.
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A History Of Arab Peoples Pdf Editor Free
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTERWho Is an Arab? Who Is an Arab?WHO IS AN ARAB?W. Montgomery Watt and Pierre CachiaOver a hundred million people in the world call themselves Arabs.That is to say the least, a potential force in world politics, quiteapart from the question of oil. Yet many observers are inclined to doubtwhether there is any reality underlying the common use of the term Arab.And it is indeed not easy to define what is meant by an Arab.The Arabs are not a distinct ethnic group, since there are bothwhite Arabs and black arabs.
Some of the black Sudanese Arabs claimdescent ln the male line from Arabs of Mohammed's time, and may well becorrect in their claim. Nor is language a sufficient criterion ofArabness since there are many Arabic-speaking jews who are not normallycalled Arabs. The figure of a hundred million come from the populationsof the states in the Arab League. For membership ln the Arab League theprimary criterion appears to be language: but, despite the presence ofLebanon, which is half Christian, this tends to be coupled with theacceptance of Arab-Islamic culture.Modern Arab intellectuals are well aware of the difficulty indefining an Arab.
As long ago as December, 1938, a conference of Arabstudents in Europe, held in Brussels, declared that 'all who are Arab intheir language, culture and loyalty (or 'national feeling') are Arabs.' Some of the same intellectuals, however, have spoken of the presentdisunity of the Arabs as the result of European imperialism during thelast century or more. It does not take much knowledge of history todemonstrate that is a complete misconception.The only time Arabs have been politically united was from about A.D. Before Mohammed they were divided into feuding tribes,and not all the tribes entered into alliance with him. The so-calledwars of the Apostasy that followed his death ended in unity under thesecond caliph, and this unity continued until about 750, with the Arabsas a ruling elite in an empire stretching from Spain to the Punjab andCentral Asia. Soon after 750, however, the Arabs of Spain formed anindependent government and in the following centuries other dynastiesgained varying degrees of autonomy.
Lt often happened that two rulers,both nominally owing their appointment to the politically powerlesscaliph (or emperor), would fight bitterly to extend their territories atthe other's expense. Where there was an opportunity, the local Muslimprincelings were ready to ally themselves with a Christian princelingagainst Muslim rival: this happened both in Spain and in the Crusadingperiod in Syria. So much for the myth of political unity.At the same time, there was always an impressive cultural unity.Even before Mohammed there was some common cultural awareness among theArabs. The very word Arab has the connotation of 'people who speakclearly.' And is contrasted with ajam, or 'people who speakindistinctly.' Though ajam came to be used specially of Persians, thecontrast is similar to that between Greeks and 'barbarians.'
Arabicliterature was vigorously cultivated in Spain under Muslim rule. Mostrulers and courtiers could write tolerable arabic verse, and a fewachieved true elegance. One or two scholars knew by heart vast amountsof the poetry of the leading authors of Syria and Baghdad and thepoetical standards of the heartlands still guided taste in Andalusia. Atdifferent times several local poets were dubbed 'the Mutanabbi of theWest.' In much the same way, one called a man 'the Milton of America.' Outstanding works from Baghdad quickly made their way to Spain andwere studied and commented on.
Indeed, in various ways the Arabs ofSpain were more Arab than those of the heartlands, perhaps because oftheir relative isolation in a somewhat alien environment. While one mayemphasize the distinctive Iberian character of the Arab literature ofSpain, the Arabic language used in Spain remains very close to theclassical models.
Thus Arab culture has been a potent unifying forceeven in the face of great political disunity.The beginning of the twentieth century saw many of the Arabcountries nominally parts of the Ottoman Empire: that is, they wereunder non Arab Muslim rule. This was officially the case with Egypt,although de facto Egypt was being ruled by Britain, as was also the'Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.' Algeria was ruled by the French, who also hadsome say in Morocco and Tunisia. World War I freed the Arabs from theOttoman Empire, but brought many of them varying degrees of Europeantutelage. Only in the early 1950's did most of the Arabs becomecompletely independent. Through this whole period, however, there hasbeen no significant progress toward Political union. As long as theArabs were under foreign occupation it was easy for them to claim thatonly imperialism divided them, that their separate 'national struggles'were in fact common cause and that union would be easily achieved oncethe foreigners were ousted.
Some twenty years of independence have giventhe lie to this hope.The League of Arab States was founded in 1945 by Egypt, Iraq,Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria. Transjordan and Yemen. It has since grownto include Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, the Sudan, and varioussmaller states like Kuwait. Its aim, however, has never been unity butonly cooperation, and even this limited goal has sometimes proved verydifficult in the political field. The chief successes of the League haveprobably been in cultural matters, such as the formation of a libraryincluding microfilms of rare manuscripts.There have been numerous more specific proposals for union, butthese have now been forgotten or have turned sour.
Egypt has beeninvolved in a number of such projects: the unity of the Nile Valley(with the Sudan), the United Arab Republic (with Syria, which functionfor a short time and then was dissolved), federation with Yemen, and aunion with Libya. Then there have been projects of a Greater Syria and aunion of the Fertile Crescent (Syria an Iraq). None of these has workedin practice. While some Arabs have pushed idealistic proposals forunity, others seem determined to press their quarrels, both old and new.There was deep-rooted dynastic rivalry between the family ruling SaudiArabia and the Hashemite family of Jordan and Iraq. Morocco and Algeriahave yet to agree on the border between them (an important factor inHassan's attempted nonviolent march into the Spanish Sahara in November,1975). Iraq, in its greed for oil, threatened Kuwait. During the civilwar in the Yemen, Egypt backed the republicans and Saudi Arabia themonarchists.
And of course, Gamai Abdai Nasser of Egypt quarreled withQasim of Iraq over who should be the leader of the Arabs.Along with all this, however, strong cultural affinities havepersisted throughout the Arab world. A literary movement in one countryquickly spreads to the others. Around 1930, for example, similar'romantic' features were to be seen in the poetry of Syrian exiles inAmerica, of the Egyptian 'Apollo' group, and of the Tunisian ash-Shabbi,the last having been born in an oasis of the interior. Similarly, the'free verse' movement, which appeared in Iraq in 1949, has spread as faras Morocco. Nor is the sense of cultural affinity restricted tointellectuals. The Algerian man in the street clearly has a strongerfeeling of Kinship with the Asian fellow-Arab of Iraq than with the non-Arab fellow-African of Mali.This long story of Political disunity and cultural affinity is notthe end of the matter. There are other forces at work beneath thesurface, and we may today be witnessing a shift of emphasis that could,over time, prove crucial.
The crucial Question is that of religion. Formany centuries the basis of cultural affinity has been primarilyreligious. The religion of Islam provided the historical impetuscreating the vast society to which the Arabs belonged. Intellectualdisciplines associated with religion were the flywheel that maintained asteady, even movement.
Within the community of Muslims, however, therewas the still stronger bond of the Arabic Language. Arabic had a specialstatus as the language of revelation. Arabic linguistic and literarystandards remained remarkably homogeneous in the various regions of theArab world and even in other Islamic provinces.
This is the way it hasbeen for centuries.WHO IS AN ARAB?The following statements about Arabs are untrue. Based upon your carefulreadings of the article, correct each statement so that it becomesfactual.1. The Arabs can be categorized as a distinct ethnic group inworld today.2. Historically, because of their continual unity, Arabs can becategorized as a political group.3. Culturally, Arabs have had almost nothing in common.4. The Arabs came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire as aresult of World War I.5. The only thing that kept the Arabs divided politically wastheir rule by many imperialistic nations up until the1950's.6.
The goal of the League of Arab States is unifying the Arabnations.7. For many centuries, the basis of cultural affinity (unity)among Arabs has been political.The American-Arab AFFAIRS Council 1720 M. Street, NW Suite 512 Washington,DC 20036 (202) 296-2626.